The evaluation of urban park services comprehensively evaluates total park quantity, financial input, accessibility, design, and functional diversity in each region using detailed indicators such as park green area per capita, excess/undersupply per capita, average annual park management budget over 5 years, park visitor ratio, marginalized population ratio, park type diversity, plaza/green park mix, and developed green space ratio. The evaluation goes beyond simple area-focused analysis, considering both quality and equity of parks, providing a scientific basis for local government policy improvement, budget allocation, and sustainable urban planning.

Park green space per capita indicates the average amount of park green space accessible to each resident and is used to assess the quantity of park green space provided by region. This indicator is calculated by dividing the total park area by the population of the region, providing a measure to identify disparities in park resources and serving as a reference for park planning and policy formulation. Its adequacy can also be assessed against international or national recommended standards and serves as fundamental data to evaluate urban green space welfare and residents’ quality of life.

The excess or shortage of park green space per person indicates how much green space an individual receives compared to the standard area (e.g., 6㎡ per person). This indicator quantifies regional variations in park green space supply and is used to assess whether park development goals are met and whether equity among regions is maintained. It also highlights areas with significant shortages that need priority improvement and serves as a basis for prioritizing park expansion in planning and policy design.

The management budget per unit area of the park measures the annual budget allocated per 1㎡ and reflects the park’s maintenance quality and financial investment effectiveness. It is used to assess whether the management budget is appropriate for the park area and to analyze differences in management quality among parks. If the management budget is insufficient, limitations may occur in facility maintenance, cleanliness, and vegetation management; this serves as a baseline to evaluate the minimum management input needed for a sustainable and pleasant park environment.

The annual park visitor ratio indicates the proportion of the population that actually visits the park within a year and assesses the actual usage and service effectiveness of the park. It is useful for measuring park resource utilization and identifying the need for improvements in underused parks or facility expansion in highly used parks. It also serves as important evidence for policy decisions regarding efficient budget allocation, park operation strategies, and improving residents’ quality of life.

The percentage of the population excluded from park services indicates those living more than a 5-minute walk from a park and unable to fully benefit from park services. It evaluates regional equity in park services based on spatial accessibility and identifies areas with poor access requiring policy intervention. Furthermore, it serves as a basis for planning park locations, prioritizing park expansion, and reducing disparities in environmental welfare and health.

The ratio of developed green space indicates the proportion of the total area that has been converted into road green space, environmental improvement green space, and facility-related green space. It is used to assess how developed green spaces can compensate for insufficient park green space in areas where park development is challenging. It serves as fundamental data to evaluate spatial equity in park services, explore alternative green space provision in deficient areas, and support urban green space planning and environmental welfare policies.

The diversity of accessible park types evaluates how many types of parks, such as small parks, childrens parks, neighborhood parks, and theme parks, can be accessed simultaneously. It is used to assess not only park accessibility but also functional and spatial diversity, and to analyze the options and quality of park services available to residents. It serves as a basis for evaluating the positive effects of access to diverse park types on residents’ leisure, health, and community engagement.

The mix of plaza-type and green-space parks assesses how balanced their design and functional provision are within a given area. It evaluates whether a park can simultaneously perform various social and ecological functions, including leisure, rest, exercise, and ecological roles, without bias toward a single function. The appropriate balance of plazas and green spaces enhances user choice and activity diversity and serves as a key criterion for ensuring park inclusiveness and sustainability.